Daily public avalanche forecasts started this week 🎉. In many of our forecasting areas, terrain at treeline and below is looking pretty rugged with not much snow coverage right now. The exception to this is the northwest coast of BC and the Yukon, which have had more consistent snow down to valley bottom so far. 

In southern BC and Alberta, the snowpack at treeline and below is quite thin, meaning there are plenty of prominent early season hazards and access to riding areas can be quite difficult. 

Low elevations still have little to no snow on the ground making access difficult in many areas. Credit: MIN User lfbraun10.

At lower elevations where the avalanche danger is Low, the main concern is what’s under, or barely under, the snow. Here are some of the hazards we’re thinking about:

Rocks, stumps, and bushes (think about your knees, A-arms, and other ground contacting gear).

Creeks. Many are still wide open and any bridges that have formed over them are probably still very weak.

Challenging (think luge track) exits. Combined with short days, it’s a good idea to start your egress early. 

Big rocks are still showing in Crowsnest Pass, but think about what’s buried that you can’t see. Credit: MIN user jimm5.

However, it’s a different story in the alpine. In the alpine, avalanche season is in full swing with some near misses and some natural avalanches reported on the Mountain Information Network, so make the mental switch in terrain management once you’re up there. 

A remotely triggered wind slab avalanche was reported on Monday near Pemberton. Credit: MIN user reimers.er.

If we were heading into the backcountry, we’d try to get up into the alpine and then stay there for most of our time out, since this is where the good riding is. Remember to be cautious about crevasses. Thin snow cover can hide them, and weak snow bridges may not be strong enough to support a person's weight. 

In elevation bands with Moderate or higher avalanche danger, the above concerns likely still exist, but if there is enough snow for fun sliding or sledding, there is enough snow to avalanche. Across our forecast areas, the avalanche problem we’re seeing is wind slabs in exposed alpine terrain. In some regions those wind slabs might be sitting on a layer of weak snow. 

The NW coastal regions generally have the deepest snowpack at the moment, and with a deep snowpack comes large avalanches like this example which was observed recently near Terrace. Credit: MIN User travisluvsbikes.

It’s important that you’ve read the avalanche forecast for where you are planning to go, and know what you are likely to find when you get up there. It’s also important to continuously assess conditions as you gain elevation. Snowpack depth (and avalanche hazard) can increase quickly as you reach treeline and beyond.

Also, remember that even a small unexpected sluff can knock you off your feet or sled, and push you somewhere that you weren’t planning to be. With a shallow snowpack like this, we aren’t just worried about being pushed over a cliff, but also falling into a stump or rock that is barely buried. 

Winter conditions exist in the alpine and you may already find large cornices like this example from the South Coast. Credit: MIN User iandhilgendorff.

White Pass is off to a good start with over 1 m of snow observed on the ground recently with no major weak layers of concern. Credit: MIN User meklaben.

A Tale of Two Elevations

We’re off to a busy start this November. Over the past week, there’s been a noticeable rise in near-miss reports submitted to the Mountain Information Network (MIN) with storm slabs and wind slabs catching folks out. Huge thanks to everyone who’s been posting; early season observations are incredibly valuable.

Right now, conditions across the mountains are all over the map. Some regions are lining up for a solid dump of new snow, while others may see rain reaching all the way to the mountain tops, which could erase some of the existing avalanche problems but create a whole new set of challenges. The mix of new loading, warm temperatures, and variable early-season surfaces means things can change quickly from place to place.

A quick reminder that our regular avalanche forecasts don’t start until November 26 (though Parks Canada are publishing forecasts for the mountain national parks already and Kananaskis Country is coming soon). Until then, it’s especially important to treat all avalanche terrain with care. With a thin early-season snowpack, even a small slide can have serious consequences because of exposed rocks, stumps, and ground hazards.

If you’re getting out into the backcountry:

Check recent MIN posts to see what others are encountering

Keep an eye on changing weather—new snow, wind, or rising freezing levels

Practice avalanche rescue with your transceiver, shovel, and probe

Share your own observations if you can because it helps the whole community

Thanks for keeping the reports coming, and stay safe out there until forecasting kicks off for the season.

This group ski cut a slope and triggered a size 2 storm slab which they were able to avoid. Credit: MIN user ahpbjmurray

A size 1.5 took a skier for a ride in Harvey Pass. Credit: MIN user l.mckinnon.

An observed near-miss in Glacier National Park. Credit: MIN user jeenamr

A different perspective on the Balu Pass avalanche in GNP from the group involved. Thankful for a good outcome. Credit: MIN user SUNSHY. 

Over the past week, there’s been a noticeable rise in near-miss reports submitted to the MIN

Early Season Conditions: What We’re Seeing in the MIN

A parade of juicy fall storms have gotten all of us thinking about winter–and some of us heading out to claim first tracks. A handful of MIN posts have highlighted where there's enough snow to go take a look and the spread of visuals in those posts is pretty stunning.

First off, big ups to travisluvsbikes and SkiWithTuna in the Northwest for their posts showing off large glide slab releases on some regular performers. It seems the conditions up there are a month ahead of the rest of us. Avalanche season is ON in the Northwest.

The southern Sea to Sky appears to be shaping up nicely, with up to a metre of snow in places (certainly more by the time this blog is published) and mild temperatures hinting at the formation of a characteristically strong foundation. 

The same warming has already produced widespread crusts in places like Brandywine Valley, a reminder that temperature spikes, rain, or longer intervals between storms will set up layering that paves the way for avalanches the next time the snow flies.

A lot of terrain is now above threshold for avalanches on the north and south coast.

Red Heather meadows in Squamish. Credit: Emily Nadia Kasal

Brandywine Valley alpine. Credit: MIN user TARFEEF101

More threshold-crossing coverage at treeline, Brandywine Valley. Credit: MIN user MACDONALDHALEY7

A bit farther north in the Wedgemount Lake area, coverage thins a bit, but avalanche paths are still smoothing out in treeline terrain as well as gullies and couloirs.

Wedgemount alpine. Credit: MIN user DECLANKNIES

Deeper in the interior of BC, the sparse reports from places like Raft Mountain and the Gorge near Revelstoke suggest you might find enough snow for cautious travel and maybe tackling a super smooth slope–but not without risk of a shark attack. The Gorge reportedly only has 30-40 cm at 1600 m.

Raft Mountain alpine and treeline. Credit: MIN user NICOLOGMAZ

The leeward Columbia Mountains are looking a lot like winter too. This MIN photo of a remote-triggered windslab on smooth ground at Farnham Glacier illustrates how threshold isn’t such a relevant concept in the alpine.

Farnham Glacier. Credit: MIN user BASTIENSWTOR

In places like Banff and Jasper National Parks, there’s more than enough snow to start threatening couloirs and ice climbs, so it’s time to make sure you’re factoring that into your plans.

Debris near the not-yet-skiable Grandaddy couloir on Bow Peak. MIN user CMURRAYSCHLITT

In fact, if there’s one message to pull from these images together, it’s that it’s time for us all to start looking at the mountains as avalanche terrain again! 

The idea of terrain’s “threshold” for producing avalanches is about how it takes a certain amount of snow to form a smooth surface for avalanches to run on. It makes a lot of sense in lumpy places, like rock gardens or forest, but loses significance in the alpine or smooth slopes. Places below threshold for avalanches are often below threshold for recreation too. Avoid tying your mind up in knots about which slopes are above or below threshold. If there’s enough snow to be worth engaging in winter recreation, it’s probably above threshold. The old adage, “if there’s enough to ride, there’s enough to slide” has merit.

The earliest part of the season is, bar none, the easiest time of year to get your friends out for rescue practice. Stoke is high and the mountains aren’t quite in form. You’re probably not ready to send it through the trees, but there’s more than enough snow to bury transceivers and probe targets. Use the time to get your skills honed and be ready to go when the conditions are right. 

Just try to tell us this doesn’t look like fun. Credit: VI field team

For those of us still clinging to summer or shoulder season activities where we wouldn't normally need avalanche awareness or gear, we’re now confronted with a question: are you the kind of person that turns around when you encounter the snowline?

If the snow means no-go for you, your plans probably don’t need to change much right now. But if you’re the kind of person that hits the snowline and gets excited to take your hike up a notch? Then it’s definitely time to get the gear and training before you carry on. 

Let’s enjoy spooky season and the end of fall safely, so when winter arrives in earnest we’re all set to enjoy it to the full. 

In Like A Lion

Today marks the final day of forecasting for this winter. As we sign off, conditions appear relatively straightforward across most areas. Repeated periods of strong sunshine and significant warming have effectively tested deeper layers throughout much of the province. The earlier warm-ups caused elevated danger, but in the long term, the warm days with overnight re-freezes have stabilized the snowpack. Most places are looking at fairly stable conditions for any spring adventures, but there are (of course) a few exceptions.

Steep, rocky slopes are common places for wet loose avalanches, especially on warm sunny days. Credit: MIN User tommichaelhay

In shallower snowpack areas in the Rockies and Purcells, the inherently weak basal facets could still be triggered by large cornice falls or by a rider in shallow, steep terrain. This will be especially true when we shift into an “all-melt, no freeze” scenario when the temperatures don’t go below zero at night.

Large persistent slab avalanches can continue well into the spring, like this recent example from Haines Pass. Credit: MIN User jeffmoskowitz

In addition to the shallower snowpack areas, northern BC and the Yukon will also be places to watch. The snowpack here has not seen warming as dramatic as regions to the south, and layers in the mid and lower snowpack have still been producing periodic large, surprising avalanches. It’s likely that when we do get that first big hit of summer-like heat, deeper layers could wake up, and a large avalanche cycle could occur. But those conditions are probably better beach weather anyway!

Wind slab avalanches are common in the spring at higher elevations. Credit: MIN User ariseguiding

Next week, we anticipate the return of more active weather in coastal areas. If you’re planning on getting out there, remember that there will be no avalanche forecasts available, so you’ll need to be able to assess the danger on your own. 

Otherwise, it’s looking like it will be a pretty typical spring. If you’re ambitious and willing to work (or use jet fuel) to reach higher elevations, skiing on glaciers and higher north-facing terrain could still offer some great riding. Chasing elusive corn skiing on sunny slopes is also a worthwhile endeavour. Here are some general scenarios and things to think about as you are planning your spring missions: 

Cold and Snowy: Winter-like storms can still occur, bringing new snow and wind that can form storm slab or wind slab conditions. These slabs may form over melt-freeze crusts, creating a potential sliding layer. Be cautious during and after storms, especially on leeward slopes where wind loading is prevalent.

Daily Melt-Freeze Cycles: Clear days and cold nights lead to surface crusts forming overnight, which then soften during the day. This cycle can produce favourable conditions for corn snow, but also increases the risk of loose wet avalanches in the afternoon. Plan travel to avoid steep, sun-exposed slopes during the warmest parts of the day.​

All Melt, No Freeze: Prolonged warm temperatures without overnight refreezing cause a weakening snowpack. This scenario increases the likelihood of wet slab avalanches and deep persistent slab avalanches as meltwater penetrates deeper layers. Limit exposure to avalanche terrain during these periods, and be especially wary of large, unsupported slopes.

All Freeze, No Melt: Consistently cold temperatures maintain a frozen snowpack, generally reducing avalanche risk. However, isolated instabilities may persist, particularly on high, north-facing slopes. Continue to assess conditions and remain cautious in complex terrain.

Open creeks can be hazardous in the spring. Credit: MIN User sportnewk

While it is useful to understand which of the spring scenarios is occurring when you are heading out, it is also important to continually assess conditions as you are travelling. Here are some tips for the spring:

Timing is Crucial: Start early to take advantage of firm morning conditions and aim to be off avalanche-prone slopes before the day's warmth increases instability.

Monitor Weather and Conditions: Stay informed about current weather forecasts and check for conditions reports on the MIN. Be prepared to adjust plans based on changing conditions.​

Assess Terrain Carefully: Evaluate slope aspect, elevation, and exposure to sun and wind. South and east-facing slopes typically warm earlier in the day and west-facing slopes later in the day, increasing avalanche risk.​

Watch for Signs of Instability: Recent avalanche activity, cracking, or "whumphing" sounds all indicate unstable conditions. If you observe these signs, reassess your route and consider safer alternatives.

Cornice Awareness: Cornices become increasingly unstable with warming temperatures. Give them a wide berth, both above and below, to avoid potential collapse. Remember, they can break far back from the ridgeline.

Give cornices a wide berth when travelling on ridges. Credit: MIN User alexcarpentier420


Farewell to Forecasting Season

Spring snowpack dynamics can be tricky, it’s not like any other time of year. One of the keys to managing the changeable nature of spring is understanding the differences between two common spring scenarios—melt-freeze and all-melt, no-freeze. 

Let’s unpack these scenarios and break down what to expect for weather, snowpack behavior, avalanche activity, and how to manage terrain in each situation. While the names give you a hint, there’s more to them than meets the eye.

As daytime temperatures rise, the snow surface melts and softens. Overnight, as temperatures drop, the melted snow refreezes. This cycle of thawing and refreezing is known as a spring diurnal cycle.

When the snow refreezes, bonds form between the snow crystals—a process we refer to as "recovery." This is when the snowpack gains strength, becoming more cohesive and stable. A thin, breakable surface crust indicates a weak refreeze, while a thick crust signals a stronger recovery and reduces the likelihood of avalanche activity.

A thick melt-freeze crust can make it more difficult to trigger avalanches on deeper layers in the snowpack. Credit: AvCan Vancouver Island Field Team MIN.

As daytime temperatures or the sun warms up the snowpack, the crust and surface snow begin to soften. Loose wet avalanches and wet slab avalanches become more likely as the crust softens and surface snow loses cohesion. Over time, repeated melt-freeze cycles create corn snow, where the snowpack remains supportive, and a soft surface offers fantastic riding conditions. 

Wet avalanche activity is most likely if the surface crust breaks down. Credit: MIN User NICOLAS.2.

In this scenario, daytime temperatures rise, but the snowpack is unable to refreeze overnight. This occurs when freezing levels remain high, cloud cover traps heat, or rain continues to melt the snowpack. Regardless of what drives it, the snowpack stays in a weak state without the chance to recover.

When temperatures rise the next day, the snowpack destabilizes much faster because it’s already fragile. As the conditions persist, heat and melt penetrate deeper into the snowpack, and avalanches on deeper persistent weak layers become more likely.

Large avalanches on buried weak layers are most likely when warming affects deep into the snowpack. Credit: MIN user ITSAS.

The snowpack becomes isothermal when all layers reach 0°C. Isothermal snow is weak, with no structure to hold it together. This is when avalanche danger is at its highest, and large, destructive avalanches are expected.


Melt-freeze cycles offer more predictable snowpack behavior.

Avalanche danger is typically Low when the snowpack is frozen, rising as warming and sun affect the snowpack. Danger ratings can reach High over a matter of hours. 

The frozen snowpack presents a window of opportunity to cross large, consequential slopes before they are affected by daytime warming. 

Travelling on a thick, hard crust means avalanches are unlikely, but it can create slippery and challenging travel conditions. 

As warming occurs and snow softens, the risk of wet avalanches increases.

Step back into conservative terrain as warming affects the snowpack. Factor in overhead hazard as the heat builds.

Start and finish your day early to take advantage of more stable conditions before danger rises.

​If temperatures rise higher than the snowpack has previously been exposed to, melting penetrates deeper into the snowpack. This disrupts the diurnal freeze-thaw cycle, potentially triggering avalanches that involve deeper layers.

Rocks are common trigger points for wet avalanche activity during spring. Credit: MIN User R.M.INSTONE.

All melt, no freeze conditions are more uncertain. 

Maintaining conservative terrain choices is essential 

The potential for large, destructive avalanches increases with each day lacking overnight recovery, as the snowpack is unable to regain strength.

During strong sunshine, avoid sun-exposed slopes and head for shaded, north facing terrain where heating is less intense.

Minimize exposure to overhead hazards, as avalanches may run full path.

In both scenarios, sun-affected slopes warm and lose cohesion most quickly. Avalanche danger can increase rapidly, sometimes in just minutes, with rising temperatures and strong sunshine. Pay attention to how deep your boot sinks into the snowpack if you step off your gear, and stay alert to changing snow conditions throughout the day. Even as temperatures start to drop in the evening, exercise caution. It can take several hours for the snowpack to fully stabilize. Cornices also become weak during spring and are prone to sudden failure. Give them plenty of space, both on and below ridgelines. 

Large overhanging cornices can become weak during the spring, especially during all melt, no freeze conditions. Credit: AvCan Newfoundland Field Team MIN

Glacier ice can become fragile and trigger avalanches when it fails. Use extra caution around overhead glacier features during periods of warming. Credit: MIN User KOOB.MARK.

Rollerballing and pinwheeling are signs of a warming snowpack. Credit: South Rockies Field Team MIN.

While both scenarios carry avalanche risks, all melt, no freeze conditions are generally more dangerous. Without any overnight refreeze, the snowpack begins each day already weak and unstable, and a more conservative approach is needed. In contrast, with good timing and terrain management, melt-freeze conditions can be a time for big objectives and spring traverses. 

Being able to identify the pattern and predict how the snowpack will react is essential for safe backcountry travel in the spring. Stay alert to changing conditions—the snowpack doesn’t handle rapid change well, and spring weather can shift quickly!

Spring Snowpack: Freeze…What is it good for?

Wet loose avalanches should be expected from steep sun-exposed slopes during periods of intense warming. Credit: Avalanche Canada Yukon Field Team MIN

The transition from a winter to a spring snowpack is often accompanied by growing pains–and this year is no exception. Spring made a dramatic entrance between March 24 and 27, bringing freezing levels above 3000 metres with rain followed by sunny skies. The result was high avalanche danger and a widespread natural avalanche cycle. 

Throughout the province, very large avalanches failed on buried weak layers, running far into flat terrain or valley bottom–in some cases, even carving out new avalanche paths by taking down stands of mature timber. Many of these avalanches were triggered by large cornice failures.

Very large avalanches were common during the last warming event, with wet avalanche debris observed running far into runout zones like this example from the Purcells. Credit: MIN User KOKANEER

A large natural avalanche during the last warm-up which was probably cornice triggered. Similar avalanches are possible this weekend, especially with cornice falls as a trigger. Credit: MIN User DZSKIZ 

A human-triggered slab avalanche in the north Monashees, which was triggered from below. Human-triggered avalanches are expected to remain likely this weekend. Credit: MIN User LOUISGODIN1980

Looking ahead to the weekend and into next week, the forecast is calling for a return of elevated freezing levels and either strong sun or a mix of sun and cloud in most regions. Will this bring a repeat of last week’s avalanche activity? It’s hard to say, as several key factors are at play:

Although we’re not seeing the heavy precipitation that preceded the last warming period, recent snow in some regions will be sensitive to its first exposure to heat and sun.

Weak layers in the snowpack persist and have continued to produce sporadic avalanche activity, even during the cooler weather. 

This next heatwave must first break down crusts formed by the last warming and cooling cycle before it can affect deeper buried weak layers. Areas with moist snow below these crusts may see rapid deterioration once the surface crusts break down.

Generally, subsequent punches of heat have less and less of a dramatic effect as the snowpack becomes accustomed to temperature fluctuations.

A supportive surface crust generally reduces the likelihood of triggering avalanches. With the major warming this weekend, we expect the surface crust to break down in many regions, potentially increasing the likelihood of avalanches. Credit: North Rockies Field Team MIN

Avalanche runs out into low-angle terrain. Plan your travel with long runouts in mind. Credit: MIN User ADAMRODRIGUES11

So, although the spectacle may not match last week’s dramatic events, the potential for very large, destructive avalanches remains. It’s a time to keep our guard up and factor extra margin into our decision-making.

Always check the forecast for your area before heading out–the evening before and the morning of, in case anything has changed.

Remember that spring conditions are dynamic and can shift rapidly throughout the day.

Be aware that snowpack and avalanche problems vary significantly with elevation, so assess and evaluate conditions continuously as you travel.

Travel early through areas exposed to avalanche hazard before the sun and daytime warming break down crusts and weaken cornices.

Carefully plan your exit routes in terms of exposure to avalanche terrain, keeping in mind the potential for increased avalanche danger by day’s end.

Avoid runouts of avalanche paths. Avalanches may travel farther than expected. Overhead exposure isn’t always obvious–be aware of what looms high above you.

On a positive note, this is a temporary transitional period. These initial warm ups are what facilitate the structural changes that transition a cold, winter snowpack to a more predictable diurnal melt-freeze spring snowpack regime. Think of this as a short-term sacrifice in favour of long-term stability that will allow us to tee up those big lines safely soon enough!

Watch out for exposure from above when travelling through avalanche terrain. This debris ran well into the runout zone. Credit: MIN User DAVESLADE14

A cornice failure triggered this large slab in the North Rockies, which failed on a weak layer deep in the snowpack near the ground.

A large slab avalanche suspected to have been triggered by solar input. Credit: Avalanche Canada Northwest Field Team MIN. 

Upcoming warm weather, sun, and rising freezing levels could mean another big avalanche cycle

The Heat is On: Another Warm up Brings Rising Avalanche Risk

What do you get when it snows, rains, and the sun comes out in a winter that had multiple, long, dry spells?

The answer: prolonged, very scary avalanche conditions for most of western Canada! That’s been the story of this week, with many very large avalanches failing deep within the snowpack in a huge avalanche cycle that peaked on Wednesday.

One of many recent very large persistent slab avalanches in the Sea to Sky region.

Now, we enter a period of uncertainty as we gingerly poke our heads out after watching the sky fall down. The buried weak layers that caused all the fuss are still there… Are they still a problem? Will a crust thicken above them that prevents triggering? Will it stay cloudy and stormy, preventing a thick crust? Is the new snow that is starting to fall going to continue overloading the buried weak layers?

The fine details will really matter when answering these questions—so now more than ever, tune into your local forecast before heading out to see if and when avalanche conditions will improve. 

A large avalanche failing on a deep weak layer in the South Rockies. Credit: AvCan South Rockies Field Team MIN

A very large avalanche north of Revelstoke stepped down to deeply buried weak layers in the snowpack and propagated widely.

If you head into the mountains over the next few days, you’ll see some very large avalanches from this week. Take the opportunity to reflect on where you travel in the mountains and interact with avalanche terrain. 

Have you ever seen avalanches run this far? Did they wipe out your prime weenie roast or charcuterski spot? 

Could travelling 100 feet to the left or right have made a difference if you were there during the avalanche?

Have you been in avalanche terrain without even knowing it?

A large avalanche buried the Duffey Lake Road on Tuesday evening. Source: x.com

Now is a good time to pause and reflect on past decisions, so we can continue to improve our decision-making in this wicked learning environment. In the short term, there is a lot of uncertainty about how conditions will play out. So, focus on what you can control, which is the terrain you choose. Gather information and gain confidence in your local conditions on small slopes that are free from terrain traps, and the odds are in your favour.

Avalanche in the Selkirks, credit @powder.cowboy on Instagram

Video of an avalanche hitting a lake in the Selkirks, shared on Instagram by @powder.cowboy. Warning: language.

Avalanches were running far into the runout zones. This is a good reminder that just because there are spring conditions in the valley, overhead avalanche danger can still exist. Credit: BC-MoTT / Bear Pass-Stewart Avalanche program – Automated Avalanche Detection System

Another very large avalanche in the Purcells hit a lake and sent water flowing down the slope below.

Cool... but not chill

It’s no secret that spring can offer some of the most enjoyable conditions in the mountains. Warmer and longer days make it prime time for adventures, but the season also comes with unique avalanche hazards to keep in mind.

Early spring has historically been one of the deadliest times for avalanches—likely due to a combination of rapidly changing weather, persistent weak layers, and human factors. When we add long, sunny days that can create a false sense of security into the mix, it can be a recipe for underestimating avalanche risk. 

Preparing for a wide range of conditions is key. It might feel like summer in the valley while winter lingers at higher elevations, or warm temperatures may reach the mountaintop. Understanding the avalanche forecast and mountain weather can make all the difference in keeping your spring adventures safe and enjoyable.

Very large avalanches on deeply buried weak layers should be expected, like this recent example from the Valemount area. Credit: Boosted Imagery

A significant warming event will bring a serious rise in avalanche danger this week and shift us into more spring-like conditions. Freezing levels are forecast to rise towards 3000 m, impacting the South Coast on Tuesday, and seeping into the southern interior Wednesday.

Large and destructive avalanches are a major concern as persistent weak layers across many forecast regions are expected to become reactive. In shallow snowpack areas, such as the eastern Purcells and Central Rockies, weak snow at the base of the snowpack may produce full-depth avalanches.

This will be an extra layer of complexity to manage alongside our usual spring concerns. 

By Wednesday afternoon, freezing levels are forecast to reach over 3000 m in many regions. Source: Mountain Weather Forecast

Typical Spring Avalanche Hazards and Problems to Watch Out For

Sunshine and warm temperatures weaken the snowpack, reducing cohesion and increasing the likelihood of avalanches. 

Morning sun impacts east-facing slopes, shifting to south and west aspects in the afternoon, with the strongest warming near rocky outcrops. 

Snow that doesn’t refreeze overnight deteriorates faster as daytime temperatures rise.

Rain-on-snow events rapidly destabilize the snowpack.

A widespread avalanche cycle should be expected during the upcoming warming, like this example from the start of March. Credit: South Rockies Field Team

Rapid warming can trigger buried weak layers.

Dormant weak layers from January and February may become active again. These layers are widespread across many forecast regions.

Large avalanches may run to valley bottom—often into terrain where recreationists would not expect overhead danger. 

The risk is especially high during the first major warm-up of the season.

Wet avalanches have the potential to run long distances in the spring. This example from the Fernie area is a good reminder that avalanches can run through forests and that knowing what is above you is always important. Credit: South Rockies Field Team MIN.

Sun and warm temperatures weaken these overhanging masses of snow. 

Cornices can break suddenly, posing a serious hazard for anyone on the ridge or the slope below.

Cornice falls are large loads that have the potential to trigger deeply buried weak layers, producing very large avalanches.

Large overhanging cornices like this near Whistler are a major concern as we head into spring. Give these a wide berth when traveling on ridges and minimize your exposure to overhead slopes with cornices, especially during periods of warming and sun. Credit: MIN User Kirill Kokorin

Instabilities often linger on high-elevation, north-facing slopes, where they are last to be affected by spring warming and protected from the sun.

Convective flurries are short-lived, localized weather events that can deliver sudden bursts of heavy snow, reduced visibility, and gusty winds. They can elevate avalanche danger by rapidly forming storm or wind slabs.

Widespread storm slab avalanche activity was observed over the weekend. The recent storm snow is expected to remain unstable as the warming progresses. Credit: MIN User BARKER.DBEN.

Remember, avalanche risk isn't the only concern in spring. Warm days and cold nights drive melt-freeze cycles in the snowpack. Hard surface crusts are often present in the morning, reducing avalanche danger but making self-arrest difficult on steep slopes.

With thoughtful planning and decision-making, you can still enjoy the best of spring.

Check your local avalanche forecast and avoid exposure to avalanche terrain during high danger.

Remember snowpack and avalanche problems will vary significantly with elevation.

Conditions can deteriorate rapidly. Be prepared to step back to simple terrain and avoid overhead hazards to minimize your exposure.

If traveling on exposed slopes, do so early in the day before warming and sun weakens snow surfaces and cornices.

Stay ahead of conditions by being flexible with your plans, and prioritizing safety as we enter this significant warm-up and the mixed bag of spring conditions that will surely follow.

From Storms to Spring

The Canadian Rockies had a significant storm around the weekend of March 9, delivering up to 80 cm of new snow across the region. All this new snow landed on a weak underlying snowpack, consisting mostly of faceted snow crystals–loose, sugary grains that offer little strength or cohesion. As a result, the new snow is resting on what is essentially layers of ball bearings.  

During the storm, the region underwent a major avalanche cycle, with many large avalanches up to size 3.5. While the rate of natural avalanche activity has declined since the storm, large avalanches continue to occur daily in the Rockies. These avalanches are likely being triggered by intense solar radiation and significant temperature fluctuations throughout the day. 

Don’t view a decreased frequency of natural avalanches as a sign of declining risk–the snowpack remains highly susceptible to human-triggered avalanches. This week, there have been numerous reports of people remotely triggering avalanches or experiencing close calls. 

A skier remote triggered a size 2 avalanche from 24 degree terrain, which resulted in six additional sympathetic persistent and deep persistent slab releases. Four were size 2-2.5, and two were size 3-3.5. Credit: MIN User chrisgranter 

Tragically, two people died in the Rockies this past week–both fatalities occurred on the same day in steep, treed terrain. Photos from the incidents show fairly dense tree cover, which can give a false sense of security and may lead us to let our guard down. These tragic incidents underscore the need for caution, even in areas where we may not expect avalanches. 

Small to medium sized trees in the start zone and track of a fatal avalanche on March 14. Credit: BNP Visitor Safety. Read the Fatal Avalanche Incident Report

Image of avalanche path taken from rescue helicopter after fatal avalanche on March 14. The lower red outline indicates the avalanche the skier was caught in, and the smaller outline indicates a sympathetic avalanche. Credit: Kananaskis Mountain Rescue. Read the Fatal Avalanche Incident Report

While it may be tempting to over-analyze the various layers within the snowpack right now in search of safety, the key takeaway here is simple: don’t try to out think this snowpack. The safest course of action is to avoid all avalanche terrain of consequence, including terrain traps and runouts.

Another 10-15 cm of snow forecast before the weekend, which may lead to favourable skiing conditions. However, the underlying instability in the snowpack will still pose significant risks. Stick to low-angle glades and avoid any terrain that exposes you to avalanche paths. Persistent weak layers are especially dangerous because they can lead to large, unpredictable avalanches, may be triggered from a distance, may cause sympathetic avalanches, and may propagate widely.

Banff Parks Mountain Safety staff observed this avalanche on a rescue flight. It propagated for 2.4 km! It likely initiated on a persistent weak layer and stepped down to the deep persistent layer at the ground in some places. Credit: Parks Mountain Safety

This is not a short-term issue. The weak layers buried deep in the snowpack are not expected to heal quickly and will continue to pose a problem for a while, requiring sustained caution. We use the word “persistent slab” in the avalanche problems section of the forecast because that’s what it is–an instability for an extended period of time.

Ice climbers should also assess their surroundings carefully. Be mindful of terrain you might normally consider benign—does the steep, treed slope above you have the potential to avalanche?

The snowpack in the central Rockies remains complex, and continues to demand caution, conservative decision-making, and careful terrain choices. In these conditions, even small missteps can have serious consequences. Before heading into the mountains, always check the latest avalanche forecast at avalanche.ca and ensure you are carrying—and know how to use—the essential gear: transceiver, probe and shovel. The mountains aren’t going anywhere—make choices that ensure you can return to enjoy them another day.

Blogs

A Tale of Two Elevations

Early Season Conditions: What We’re Seeing in the MIN

In Like A Lion

Farewell to Forecasting Season

Spring Snowpack: Freeze…What is it good for?

The Heat is On: Another Warm up Brings Rising Avalanche Risk

Cool... but not chill

From Storms to Spring

High Alert in the Canadian Rockies

Winter Isn't Over Yet

Remote Triggers, Wide Propagation and Why You Need to Dial It Back

Lingering Danger

New Snow, Old Problems

What is a Slab?

Keeping a Conservative Mindset

Shifting Your Mindset

Heads Up! How to Maintain Situational Awareness During Winter Adventures

A Refreshing Start to Winter

Any Fallout From The ‘BOMB’?

Getting the (meteo)Gram!